The Harvest Gathering: A Thanksgiving Story

As the crisp autumn air settles in, many find themselves preparing for one of the most recognized holidays: Thanksgiving. This holiday has roots that trace back to a moment in 1621 when the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag people came together in a spirit of cooperation and shared survival—an important interaction between two cultures.

The Arrival of the Pilgrims

In 1620, the Pilgrims arrived on the shores of what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, seeking a new life away from religious persecution. Their first winter was harsh, and many suffered from hunger and illness. Their future seemed uncertain until they encountered the Wampanoag people, who had lived in harmony with the land for generations.

The Wampanoag Way: Masters of Agriculture

The Wampanoag were not just skilled hunters and gatherers; they were also masters of agriculture. Their deep understanding of the local ecosystem allowed them to cultivate a variety of crops that thrived in the New England climate. Among their most treasured crops was corn, or maize, which was central to their diet and culture.

• Corn: The Wampanoag grew various strains of corn, including flint corn, known for its hard outer shell. This staple food was often ground into meal for bread or  porridge, providing essential nourishment.

• The Three Sisters: A hallmark of Wampanoag agriculture was the practice of companion planting, particularly the cultivation of the "Three Sisters"—corn, beans, and squash. This method involved planting corn as the tallest plant, providing a structure for the climbing beans. The beans enriched the soil with nitrogen, while the broad leaves of squash helped retain moisture and suppress weeds. This sustainable approach demonstrated a deep respect for the land.

Seasonal Cycles and Land Management

The Wampanoag followed a seasonal agricultural calendar closely tied to nature. Planting typically began in the spring, often aligned with the lunar cycle, and harvesting took place in the fall. They understood the timing for planting different crops to ensure a successful yield.

Their land management techniques included crop rotation and controlled burns, which cleared fields and enriched the soil. These practices maintained the fertility of their land and encouraged biodiversity, allowing them to thrive in a challenging environment. 

A Gathering in 1621

After a successful harvest in the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims and Wampanoag came together for a three-day feast, often referred to as the first Thanksgiving. This gathering included roasted fowl, likely wild turkey or ducks, venison, alongside steaming pots of corn and perhaps a rich squash dish. While there might not have been pumpkin pie as we know it today, there were certainly pumpkins, which could have been turned into a savory pudding or soup.

The gathering was significant not only for the food but also for the strengthening of relationships. For the Pilgrims, it was a chance to acknowledge the assistance of their Indigenous neighbors. For the Wampanoag, it was an opportunity to reinforce diplomatic ties and share in the bounty of the land.

A Shared Legacy

The Thanksgiving feast symbolizes cooperation and the complexities of cultural exchange. As we think about this gathering today, it’s essential to recognize the relationships that shaped this moment. Many Indigenous peoples view Thanksgiving as a time for reflection, honoring their ancestors and the history that preceded European colonization.

Conclusion

As you prepare your Thanksgiving meal this year, consider the shared legacy that connects us all. From the corn nurtured by the Wampanoag to the agricultural practices passed down through generations, this holiday invites us to reflect on the importance of community and understanding.

Storing Potatoes for Winter Enjoyment

Potatoes are vegetables that are easy to grow and also store well over winter if handled properly. The time between planting and harvesting of mid-season and late varieties of potatoes typically ranges from 90 to 120 days. Once harvested, Idaho potatoes require careful harvesting and storage to ensure they remain fresh and flavorful through the winter months. Here’s a guide to help you through the process.

Harvesting Potatoes
Typically, Idaho potatoes are ready for harvest about 2-3 weeks after the plants have died back. Look for yellowing leaves and stems. Use a pitchfork or shovel to gently lift the tubers from the soil. Be cautious to avoid piercing the potatoes, as this can lead to rot during storage. After harvesting, brush off any excess soil but avoid washing them. Moisture can encourage rot, so it’s best to keep them dry until you’re ready to store.

Storing Potatoes (click here to watch a video)
Before storage, allow your potatoes to cure in a dark, cool place (around 45-60°F) for about 1-2 weeks. This helps to heal any cuts and toughens their skin. Potatoes should be stored in a dark, well-ventilated area, ideally at temperatures between 35-40°F. A root cellar, basement, or a cool garage works well. Avoid exposure to light, which can cause greening and bitterness. Use burlap sacks, cardboard boxes, or wooden crates to store your potatoes. Avoid plastic bags, as they trap moisture and can lead to spoilage. Periodically inspect your stored potatoes. Remove any that show signs of spoilage to prevent the spread to healthy ones.

With the right care, you can enjoy the taste of potatoes long after the harvest season. By following these tips for harvesting and storing, you’ll enjoy your garden’s bounty throughout the winter months.

The Effects of Wildfires on Plants and Ecosystems

As wildfires across the United States increase in frequency and intensity, the Treasure Valley faces the impacts of smoke and ash. While much attention is given to the health risks for humans, the effects of wildfire smoke on plants and ecosystems are equally concerning.

Reduced Photosynthesis
One immediate effect of wildfire smoke is the reduction of sunlight reaching plants. Smoke creates a haze that blocks sunlight, hindering photosynthesis. However, research shows that smoke can also act as a protective cover, reducing high temperatures and burning ultraviolet rays. This diffused light allows for more efficient photosynthesis, reaching lower foliage that typically remains shaded. Still, the benefits can be mitigated by air pollutants. High concentrations can clog the stomata on leaf surfaces, severely limiting photosynthesis and potentially damaging plants.

Effects of Ash
Wildfire ash can have both positive and negative impacts as well. Composed of essential nutrients like potassium, magnesium, and calcium, a light layer of ash can act as a fertilizer. However, excessive ash can suffocate plants by blocking light and trapping moisture, further stressing them.

Ash can also be considered toxic if not washed off of your vegetables. Smoke and ash won't absorb deep into the fruit or vegetable, so washing thoroughly will take care of residues. Consider rinsing fruits and veggies off outside and again before you eat them. You can also add a layer of protection by peeling and removing the outer leaves of leafy greens to reduce your risk.

Impact on Pollinators and Ecosystems
Wildfire smoke also affects pollinators vital to flowering plants. The haze reduces visibility, disrupting the foraging habits of bees and other pollinators, leading to decreased fruit and seed production. This can threaten local ecosystems and shift species composition, impacting wildlife habitats and water quality.

What Can We Do?
Watering: Keep plants well-watered to help them cope with stress.
Soil Health: Use organic amendments to buffer pH changes and enhance nutrient availability.
Cover Crops: Plant cover crops to protect soil health and improve biodiversity.
Monitoring: Regularly check plant health and address pest or disease issues.

Understanding the effects of wildfire smoke on plants in the Treasure Valley is crucial for protecting our gardens, crops, and ecosystems. While there are both benefits and challenges, awareness and proactive measures will be key to maintaining the health of our cherished landscapes. Ongoing research will further illuminate the long-term impacts of wildfire smoke on both plants and humans, helping us adapt to this growing threat.

Chill Out! Cold Stratification for Native Plants

Cold stratification is an important step for growing many native plants in USDA Hardiness Zone 7. This process mimics winter conditions, helping seeds break dormancy and ensuring they germinate at the right time in spring. In the Boise area, which is situated in Ecoregion Level III 12 (Snake River Plain) and borders Ecoregion Level II 10.1 (Cold Deserts), you have a unique opportunity to cultivate a variety of native plants. Whether you’re interested in wild sunflowers, asters, goldenrods, lupines, purple coneflowers, milkweed, or penstemon, following these steps will help you successfully propagate these beautiful species in your garden.

Understanding the Ecoregion

Ecoregion 12 features a mix of desert and semi-arid environments, characterized by cold winters and warm, dry summers. The region's soils vary from sandy to clayey, which influences the native plant communities that thrive here. Plants in this area have adapted to withstand drought and temperature extremes, making them well-suited for home gardens that aim to support local wildlife and conserve water.

Starting Seeds Indoors or in a Greenhouse

Starting your native seeds indoors or in a greenhouse allows you to control conditions better. Follow these steps:

1. Gather Your Seeds: Collect seeds from native plants in the fall, ensuring they are fully mature and dry.

2. Prepare Your Pots: Use seed-starting pots filled with a seed-starting mix. Make sure the pots have drainage holes.

3. Moisten the Medium: Lightly moisten the seed-starting mix so it's damp but not soggy.

4. Cold Stratification:

• Option A: Directly in Pots: Sow the seeds in the pots, covering them lightly with soil only if they don’t require light to germinate. If they do need light, surface sow seeds and place the pots in the refrigerator for 4-12 weeks. Keep the pots in a plastic bag to retain moisture.

• Option B: Pre-soaking: Alternatively, mix seeds with a moist medium like sand or peat moss in a zip-top bag, refrigerate for 8-12 weeks, and then surface sow them in pots after stratification.

5. Move to Light: After the stratification period, move your pots to a well-lit area or greenhouse. Ensure they receive plenty of light but avoid direct, harsh sunlight at first.

6. Water Regularly: Keep the soil consistently moist (but not waterlogged) as the seeds begin to germinate.

7. Transplanting: Once the seedlings have a few true leaves and the danger of frost has passed, transplant them into your garden or larger containers.

Starting Seeds Outdoors in your garden or raised beds

1. Gather Seeds: Collect seeds in the fall from mature plants, ensuring they are fully dry. This timing allows you to utilize natural seasonal changes for germination.

2. Prepare the Planting Area: Choose a well-draining spot in your garden or raised beds. Loosen the soil and remove any weeds or debris.

3. Surface Sow: Scatter the seeds on the surface of the soil. Many native seeds benefit from light exposure to germinate, so avoid covering them deeply. If the seeds require some soil coverage, lightly sprinkle a thin layer of soil over them.

4. Watering: Gently water the area to help settle the seeds into the soil without washing them away. Ensure the soil stays consistently moist, especially during dry spells.

5. Winter Conditions: As winter arrives, the seeds will experience natural cold stratification, which helps break dormancy and prepares them for germination.

Benefits of Cold Stratification By cold stratifying your seeds, you help ensure healthy germination and align plants with their natural growing cycles. This process also supports local ecosystems by enhancing biodiversity, stabilizing soil, and conserving water.

With a little preparation, you can successfully cultivate beautiful native plants that thrive in your region, including wild sunflowers, asters, goldenrods, and lupines. 

Happy gardening!